Computer Explorations of Fractals, Chaos, Complex Systems, and Adaptation

About the Book   · title page   · home*   · cover artwork   · jacket text   · table of contents   · the author*   · ordering information Book Contents   · three themes   · part synopses   · selected excerpts   · all figures from book   · quotes from book   · glossary from book   · bibliography   · slide show Source Code   · overview & documentation   · FAQ list*   · download source code   · java applets Miscellany   · news*   · reviews & awards   · errata   · for educators   · bibliography (BibTeX format)   · other links

Bibliography Abelson, H., Sussman, G. J., & Sussman, J. (1996). Structure and interpretation of computer programs. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Arbib, M. A. (1966). Self-reproducing automata---some implications for theoretical biology. In C. H. Waddington (Ed.), Towards a theoretical biology, volume 2 (pp. 204--226). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Arneodo, A., Coullet, P., & Tresser, C. (1980). Occurrence of strange attractors in three-dimensional Volterra equations. Phys. Lett. A, 79A(4): 259--63. Ashby, W. R. (1966). An introduction to cybernetics. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Awad, E. M. (1996). Building expert systems: Principles, procedures, and applications. Minneapolis/St.Paul: West/Wadsworth. Axelrod, R. (1984). The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic Books. Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science, 211(4489): 1390--1396. Bai-Lin, H. (Ed.). (1984). Chaos. Singapore: World Scientific. Bak, P. (1996). How nature works: The science of self-organized criticality. New York: Springer-Verlag. Bak, P. & Chen, K. (January 1991). Self-organized criticality. Sci. Am., 264(1). Bak, P., Tang, C., & Wiesenfeld, K. (1988). Self-organized criticality. Phys. Rev. A, 38(1): 364--374. Barlow, C. (1991). From Gaia to selfish genes: Selected writings in the life sciences. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Barnsley, M. (1988). Fractals everywhere. New York: Academic Press. Barnsley, M. (1989). Iterated function systems. In Chaos and Fractals: The Mathematics Behind the Computer Graphics, volume 39 of Proc. Symposia Appl. Math., Providence, R.I. American Mathematical Society. Beckmann, P. (1977). A history of Pi (Fourth ed.). Boulder, Colo.: Golem Press. Benhabib, J. (Ed.). (1992). Cycles and chaos in economic equilibrium. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Bennett, C. H., Gács, P., Li, M., Vitanyi, P. M. B., & Zurek, W. H. (1993). Thermodynamics of computation and information distance. In Proceedings of the twenty-fifth annual ACM symposium on theory of computing, (pp. 21--30)., San Diego. ACM Press. Bennett, C. H. & Landauer, R. (July 1985). Fundamental physical limits of computation. Sci. Am., 253(1): 48--56. Berlekamp, E., Conway, J. H., & Guy, R. (1982). Winning ways for your mathematical plays. London: Academic Press. Blum, L., Cucker, F., Shub, M., & Smale, S. (1995). Complexity and real computation: A manifesto. Technical Report TR-95-042, International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley, Calif. Blum, L., Shub, M., & Smale, S. (1988). On a theory of computation over the real numbers; NP completeness, recursive functions and universal machines (extended abstract). In 29th annual symposium on foundations of computer science, (pp. 387--397)., White Plains, N.Y. IEEE. Bowler, P. J. (1996). Charles Darwin: The Man and his influence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (1985). Culture and the evolutionary process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Breder, C. M. (1951). Studies in the structure of the fish school. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 98(3): 7ff. Bremmerman, H. J. (1962). Optimization through evolution and recombination. In M. C. Yovits, G. T. Jacobi, & G. D. Goldstein (Eds.), Self-organizing systems (pp. 93ff). Washington, D.C.: Spartan Books. Bryson, A. E. & Ho, Y. C. (1969). Applied optimal control. New York: Blaisdell. Burks, A. W. (1961). Notes on John von Neumann's cellular self-reproducing automaton. Technical Report 108, Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois, Urbana. Burks, A. W. (1974). Cellular automata and natural systems. In Keidel, W. D., Händler, W., & Spreng, M. (Eds.), Cybernetics and bionics, (pp. 190--204)., Munich. R. Oldenbourg. Cairns-Smith, A. G. (1966). The origin of life and the nature of the primitive gene. J. Theor. Biol., 10(1): 53--88. Cairns-Smith, A. G. (1985). Seven clues to the origin of life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Capra, F. (1996). The web of life: A new scientific understanding of living systems. New York: Doubleday. Casti, J. L. (1989). Alternate realities: Mathematical models of nature and man. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Casti, J. L. (1994). Complexification: Explaining a paradoxical world through the science of surprise. New York: HarperCollins. Caudill, M. & Butler, C. (1990). Naturally intelligent systems. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Chaitin, G. J. (1966). On the length of programs for computing finite binary sequences. J. ACM, 13(4): 547--569. Chaitin, G. J. (1969). On the simplicity and speed of programs for computing infinite sets of natural numbers. J. ACM, 16(3): 407--422. Chaitin, G. J. (January 1970). To a mathematical definition of ``life''. ACM SIGACT News, 4: 12--18. Chaitin, G. J. (1975). A theory of program size formally identical to information theory. J. ACM, 22(3): 329--340. Chaitin, G. J. (1997). The limits of mathematics: A course on information theory & limits of formal reasoning. Singapore: Springer-Verlag. Charles-Edwards, D. A. (1986). Modelling plant growth and development. New York: Academic Press. Cheeseman, P., Kanefsky, B., & Taylor, W. M. (1991). Where the really hard problems are. In Mylopoulos, J. & Reiter, R. (Eds.), Proceedings IJCAI-91, (pp. 331--336)., Sydney. Chomsky, N. (1956). Three models for the description of language. IRE Trans. Info. Theory, 1: 113--124. Chomsky, N. (1959). On certain formal properties of grammars. Info. and Control, 2(2): 137--167. Chomsky, N. & Miller, G. A. (1958). Finite state languages. Info. and Control, 1(2): 91--112. Church, A. (1936). A note on the Entscheidungsproblem. J. Symbol. Logic, 1: 40--41 and 101--102. Church, A. (1951). The Calculi of Lambda-Conversion, volume 6 of Annals of Mathematical Studies. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Clark, W. R. (1995). At war within: The double-edged sword of immunity. New York: Oxford University Press. Conrad, M. & Pattee, H. H. (1970). Evolution experiments with an artificial ecosystem. J. Theor. Biol., 28(3): 393--409. Cook, S. A. (1971). The complexity of theorem-proving procedures. In Conference record of third annual ACM symposium on theory of Computing, (pp. 151--158)., Shaker Heights, Oh. ACM. Cowan, G., Pines, D., & Meltzer, D. (Eds.). (1994). Complexity: Metaphors, models, and reality, volume XIX of Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Crutchfield, J. P. (1994). The calculi of emergence: Computation, dynamics and induction. Physica D, 75(1--3): 11--54. Crutchfield, J. P. & Young, K. (1989a). Computation at the onset of chaos. In W. Zurek (Ed.), Complexity, entropy and the physics of information. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Crutchfield, J. P. & Young, K. (1989b). Inferring statistical complexity. Phys. Rev. Lett., 63(2): 105--108. Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species. London: John Murray. DasGupta, B., Siegelmann, H., & Sontag, E. (1994). On the intractability of loading neural networks. In V. Roychowdhury, K.-Y. Siu, & A. Orlitsky (Eds.), Theoretical advances in neural computation and learning. Boston: Kluwer. Dauben, J. W. (1990). Georg Cantor: His mathematics and philosophy of the infinite. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Davis, M. (Ed.). (1965). The undecidable. New York: Raven Press. Dawkins, R. (1976). The selfish gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dawkins, R. (1983). The extended phenotype: The gene as a unit of selection. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dawkins, R. (1986). The blind watchmaker. New York: W. W. Norton. Dennett, D. C. (1978). Brainstorms: Philosophical essays on mind and psychology. Cambridge, Mass.: Bradford Books/MIT Press. Derrida, B. & Pomeau, Y. (1986). Random networks of automata: A simple annealed approximation. Europhys. Lett., 1(2): 45--49. Descartes, R. (1987). Méditations on first philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dewdney, A. K. (1984). Computer Recreations: Sharks and fish wage an ecological war on the toroidal planet wa-tor. Sci. Am., 251(6): 14--22. Dewdney, A. K. (1985). Computer Recreations: Exploring the field of genetic algorithms in a primordial computer sea full of flibs. Sci. Am., 253(5): 21--32. Dewdney, A. K. (August 1988). The hodgepodge machine makes waves. Sci. Am., 225(8): 104--107. Dewdney, A. K. (1989). The Turing omnibus: 61 excursions in computer science. Rockville, Md.: Computer Science Press. Dewdney, A. K. (1993). 200 percent of nothing: An eye-opening tour through the twists and turns of math abuse and innumeracy. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Doyle, J. C., Francis, B. A., & Tannenbaum, A. R. (1992). Feedback control theory. New York: MacMillan. Edelman, G. M. (1987). Neural darwinism: The theory of neuronal group selection. New York: Basic Books. Eigen, M. & Winkler, R. (1982). The laws of the game: How the principles of nature govern chance. New York: Harper Colophon. Esbensen, B. J. & Davie, H. K. (1996). Echoes for the Eye: Poems to celebrate patterns in nature. New York: HarperCollins. Faltings, G. (1995). The proof of Fermat's Last Theorem by R. Taylor and A. Wiles. Notices Amer. Math. Soc., 42(7): 743--746. Farmer, D. & Kauffman, S. (1988). Biological modelling: What's evolving in artificial life. Nature, 331(6155): 390--391. Farmer, D., Toffoli, T., & Wolfram, S. (Eds.). (1983). Cellular Automata: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop, Amsterdam. North-Holland. Farmer, J. D. (1990). Rosetta stone for connectionism. Physica D, 42(1--3): 153--187. Farmer, J. D., Lapedes, A., Packard, N. H., & Wendroff, B. (1986). Evolution, games and learning. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Farmer, J. D., Ott, E., & Yorke, J. A. (1983). The dimension of chaotic attractors. Physica D, 7(1--3): 153--180. Farmer, J. D., Packard, N. H., & Perelson, A. S. (1986). The immune system, adaptation & learning. Physica D, 22(1--3): 187--204. Feigenbaum, M. J. (1978). Quantitative universality for a class of nonlinear transformations. J. Stat. Phys., 19(1): 25--52. Feigenbaum, M. J. (1979). The universal metric properties of nonlinear transformations. J. Stat. Phys., 21(6): 669--706. Field, R. J. & Noyes, R. M. (1974). Oscillations in chemical systems. V. Quantitative explanation of band migration in the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 96(7): 2001--2006. Fogel, L. J., Owens, A. J., & Walsh, M. J. (1966). Artificial Intelligence through Simulated Evolution. New York: Wiley. Forrest, S. & Mayer-Kress, G. (1991). Using genetic algorithms in nonlinear dynamical systems and international security models. In L. Davis (Ed.), The genetic algorithms handbook (pp. 166--185). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Fowler, D. R., Meinhardt, H., & Prusinkiewicz, P. (1992). Modeling seashells. Comp. Graphics, 26(2): 379--387. Fredkin, E. & Toffoli, T. (1982). Conservative logic. Int. J. Theor. Phys., 21(3--4): 219--253. Gale, D. & Propp, J. (1994). Further ant-ics. Math. Intell., 16(1): 37--42. Gardner, M. (1961). More mathematical puzzles and diversions. New York: Penguin. Gardner, M. (October 1970). Mathematical Games: The fantastic combinations of John Conway's new solitaire game `Life'. Sci. Am., 223(4): 120--123. Gardner, M. (1971). Mathematical Games: On cellular automata, self-reproduction, the Garden of Eden and the game of ``Life''. Sci. Am., 224(2): 112--117. Gardner, M. (April 1978). Mathematical Games: White and brown music, fractal curves and 1/f fluctuations. Sci. Am., 238: 16--32. Gardner, M. (1983). Wheels, life, and other mathematical amusements. New York: W. H. Freeman. Garey, M. R. & Johnson, D. S. (1979). Computers and intractability: A guide to the theory of NP-completeness. New York: W. H. Freeman. Garfinkel, A., Spano, M. L., & Ditto, W. L. (1992). Controlling cardiac chaos. Science, 257(5074): 1230. Gell-Mann, M. (1995). The quark and the jaguar: Adventures in the simple and the complex. New York: W. H. Freeman. Gerhardt, M., Schuster, H., & Tyson, J. J. (1991). A cellular automaton model of excitable media IV. Untwisted scroll rings. Physica D, 50(2): 189--206. Gleick, J. (1987). Chaos. New York: Viking. Gödel, K. (1931). Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia mathematica und verwandter Systeme I. Monats. für Math. und Phys., 38: 173--198. Gödel, K. (1932). Ein spezialfall des entscheidungsproblem der theoretischen logik. Ergebn. math. Kolloq., 2: 27--28. Gödel, K. (1965). On intuitionistic arithmetic and number theory. In M. Davis (Ed.), The undecidable (pp. 75--81). New York: Raven Press. Gödel, K. (1986). On completeness and consistency. In S. Feferman, J. W. Dawson, Jr., S. C. Kleene, G. H. Moore, R. M. Solovay, & J. Van Heijenoort (Eds.), Kurt Gödel: Collected works, volume 1 (pp. 235--237). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Goldberg, D. E. (1989). Genetic algorithms in search, optimization, and machine learning. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Goldstine, H. H. (1993). The computer from Pascal to von Neumann. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Gonick, L. & Smith, W. (1993). The cartoon guide to statistics. New York: HarperCollins. Grebogi, C., Ott, E., & Yorke, J. A. (1987). Chaos, strange attractors, and fractal basin boundaries in nonlinear dynamics. Science, 238(4827): 632--638. Hall, N. (Ed.). (1991). Exploring chaos: A guide to the new science of disorder. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. Hamilton, W. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behavior. J. Theor. Biol., 7: 1--31. Haykin, S. (1994). Neural networks: A comprehensive foundation. New York: MacMillan. Hebb, D. O. (1949). The organization of behavior. New York: Wiley & Sons. Hènon, M. (1976). A two-dimensional mapping with a strange attractor. Comm. Math. Phys., 50(1): 69--77. Hertz, J., Krogh, A., & Palmer, R. G. (1991). Introduction to the theory of neural computation. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Hillis, W. D. (1992). Co-evolving parasites improve simulated evolution as an optimization procedure. In C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer, & S. Rasmussen (Eds.), Artificial life II, volume 10 of Sante Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity (pp. 313--324). Redwood City, Calif.: Addison-Wesley. Hirst, B. & Mandelbrot, B. (1995). Fractal landscapes from the real world. New York: Distributed Art Publishers. Hodges, A. (1983). Alan Turing: The enigma. New York: Simon and Schuster. Hofstadter, D. R. (1979). Gödel, Escher, Bach: An eternal golden braid. New York: Basic Books. Hofstadter, D. R. (1985). Metamagical themas: Questing for the essence of mind and pattern. New York: Basic Books. Hogeweg, P. (1988). Cellular automata as a paradigm for ecological modelling. App. Math. & Comp., 27(1). Hogg, T., Huberman, B. A., & McGlade, J. M. (1989). The stability of ecosystems. Proc. Royal Soc. of London, B237(1286): 43--51. Hogg, T., Huberman, B. A., & Williams, C. P. (1996). Phase transitions and the search problem. Art. Intell., 81(1--2): 1--15. Holland, J. H. (1962). Outline for a logical theory of adaptive systems. J. ACM, 9: 297--314. Holland, J. H. (1967). Nonlinear environments permitting efficient adaptation. In J. T. Tou (Ed.), Computer and information sciences II. New York: Academic Press. Holland, J. H. (1975). Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Holland, J. H. (1976). Adaptation. In R. Rosen & F. M. Snell (Eds.), Progress in theoretical biology IV (pp. 263--293). New York: Academic Press. Holland, J. H. & Holyoak, K. J. (1989). Induction: Processes of inference, learning and discovery. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O. (1990). The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Hopcroft, J. E. & Ullman, J. D. (1979). Introduction to automata theory, languages, and computation. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Hopfield, J. J. (1982). Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 79(8): 2554--2558. Hopfield, J. J. & Tank, D. W. (August 1986). Computing with neural networks: A model. Science, 233(4764): 625--633. Hornik, K., Stinchcombe, M., & White, H. (1989). Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators. Neural Networks, 2(5): 359--366. Isenberg, C. (1978). The science of soap films and soap bubbles. Avon, U.K.: Tiero. Judd, J. S. (1990). Neural network design and the complexity of learning. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Kaelbling, L. P. (Ed.). (1996). Recent advances in reinforcement learning. Boston: Kluwer Academic. Kauffman, S. (August 1991). Antichaos and adaptation. Sci. Am., 265(2): 64--70. Kauffman, S. (1995). At home in the universe: The search for laws of self-organization and complexity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kauffman, S. A. (1969). Metabolic stability and epigenesis in randomly constructed genetic nets. J. Theor. Biol., 22(3): 437--467. Kauffman, S. A. (1984). Emergent properties in random complex automata. Physica D, 10(1--2): 145--56. Kauffman, S. A. (1986). Autocatalytic sets of proteins. J. Theor. Biol., 119(1): 1--24. Kauffman, S. A. (1993). Origins of order: Self-organization and selection in evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kauffman, S. A. & Smith, R. G. (1986). Adaptive automata based on Darwinian selection. Physica D, 22(1--3): 68--82. Kirchgraber, U. & Stoffer, D. (1990). Chaotic behaviour in simple dynamical systems. SIAM Review, 32(3): 424--452. Kohonen, T. (1977). Associative memory. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Koiran, P., Cosnard, M., & Garzon, M. (1994). Computability with low-dimensional dynamical systems. Theoret. Comp. Sci., 132(1): 113--128. Kolmogorov, A. N. (1965). Three approaches to the quantitative definition of information. Prob. Info. Trans., 1(1): 1--7. Kolmogorov, A. N. (1968). Some theorems on algorithmic entropy and the algorithmic quantity of information. UMN: Uspekhi Matematicheskikh Nauk, 23. Koza, J. R. (1992). Genetic programming: On the programming of computers by natural selection. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Kuang, Y. (1993). Delay differential equations with applications in population dynamics. New York: Academic Press. Langton, C. (1984). Self-reproduction in cellular automata. Physica D, 10(1--2): 135--144. Langton, C. (1986). Studying artificial life with cellular automata. Physica D, 22(1--3): 120--149. Langton, C. G. (Ed.). (1989). Artificial Life, volume 6 of Santa Fe Institute studies in the sciences of complexity, Reading, Mass. Addison-Wesley. Langton, C. G., Taylor, C., Farmer, J. D., & Rasmussen, S. (Eds.). (1992). Artificial Life II, volume 10 of Santa Fe Institute studies in the sciences of complexity, Reading, Mass. Addison-Wesley. Lapedes, A. & Farber, R. (1987). Nonlinear signal processing using neural networks: Prediction and system modelling. Technical Report LA-UR-87-2662, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, N.M. Lapedes, A. & Farber, R. (1988). How neural nets work. In D. Z. Anderson (Ed.), Neural information processing sytems (pp. 442--456). New York: American Institute of Physics. Levy, S. (1992). Artificial life: A report from the frontier where computers meet biology. New York: Vintage Books. Li, T. Y. & Yorke, J. A. (1975). Period three implies chaos. Am. Math. Monthly, 82(10): 985--992. Li, W., Packard, N., & Langton, C. G. (1990). Transition phenomena in CA rule space. Physica D, 45(1--3): 77--94. Lin, L.-J. & Mitchell, T. M. (1992). Memory approaches to reinforcement learning in non-Markovian domains. Technical Report CMU//CS-92-138, Carnegie Mellon University, School of Computer Science, Pittsburgh, Pa. Lindenmayer, A. (1968). Mathematical models for cellular interactions in development, I & II. J. Theor. Biol., 18: 280--315. Lindenmayer, A. & Rozenberg, G. (1972). Developmental systems and languages. In Conference record, fourth annual ACM symposium on theory of computing, (pp. 214--221)., Denver, Colorado. Lorenz, E. N. (1963). Deterministic nonperiodic flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 20: 130--141. Lotka, A. (1910). Zur theorie der periodischen reaktionen. Z. phys. Chemie, 72: 508. Lovelock, J. E. (1983). Daisy World: A cybernetic proof of the Gaia hypothesis. CoEvol. Quart., 38(summer): 66--72. Lumsden, C. J. & Wilson, E. O. (1981). Genes, mind, and culture: The coevolutionary process. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Mackey, M. C. & Glass, L. (1977). Oscillation and chaos in physiological control systems. Science, 2(4300): 287--289. MacRae, N. (1992). John von Neumann: The scientific genius who pioneered the modern computer, game theory, nuclear deterrence, and much more. New York: Pantheon Books. Mandelbrot, B. (1978). Fractals: Form, chance, and dimension. New York: W. H. Freeman. Mandelbrot, B. (1983). The fractal geometry of nature. New York: W. H. Freeman. March, R. H. (1995). Physics for poets. New York: McGraw-Hill. Margolus, N. (1984). Physics-like models of computation. Physica D, 10(1--2): 81--95. Margulis, L. (1981). Symbiosis in cell evolution. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. May, R. M. (1972). Limit cycles in predator-prey communities. Science, 177: 900--902. May, R. M. (1974). Biological populations with nonoverlapping generations: Stable points, stable cycles, and chaos. Science, 186(4164): 645--647. May, R. M. (1976). Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics. Nature, 261(5560): 459--467. Mayer-Kress, G. (1992). Nonlinear dynamics and chaos in arms race models. In L. Lam & V. Naroditsky (Eds.), Modeling complex phenomena (pp. 153--183). Berlin: Springer. Maynard Smith, J. (1975). The theory of evolution (third ed.). New York: Penguin. Maynard Smith, J. (1982). Evolution and the theory of games. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Maynard Smith, J. (1986). The problems of biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. McCarthy, J. (1960). LISP 1 programmer's manual. Technical report, Computation Center and Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT, Cambridge, Mass. McCulloch, W. S. & Pitts, W. (1943). A logical calculus of the idea immanent in nervous activity. Bull. Math. Biophys., 5: 115--133. Meinhardt, H. (1995). The algorithmic beauty of sea shells. New York: Springer. Michalewicz, Z. (1996). Genetic algorithms + data structures = evolution programs. New York: Springer-Verlag. Minsky, M. (1972). Computation: Finite and infinite machines. London: Prentice-Hall. Minsky, M. (1979). The society theory of thinking. In P. H. Winston & R. H. Brown (Eds.), Artificial intelligence: An MIT persective (pp. 423--450). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Minsky, M. (1987). The society of mind. London: Heinemann. Minsky, M. & Papert, S. (1988). Perceptrons (expanded ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Mitchell, M. (1996). An introduction to genetic algorithms. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Moore, C. (1990). Unpredictability and undecidability in dynamical systems. Phys. Rev. Lett., 64(20): 2354--2357. Moore, C. (1991a). Generalized one-sided shifts and maps of the interval. Nonlinearity, 4(3): 727--745. Moore, C. (1991b). Generalized shifts: Unpredictability and undecidability in dynamical systems. Nonlinearity, 4(2): 199--230. Moore, C. (1996). Recursion theory on the reals and continuous-time computation. Theor. Comp. Sci., 162(1): 23--44. Nicolis, G. & Prigogine, I. (1977). Self-organization in nonequilibrium systems. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Nijhout, H. F. (November 1981). The color patterns of butterflies and moths. Sci. Am., 245(5). Nilsson, N. J. (1965). Learning machines: Foundations of trainable pattern classifying systems. New York: McGraw-Hill. Nowak, M. & Sigmund, K. (1993). A strategy of win-stay, lose-shift that outperforms Tit-for-Tat in the Prisoner's Dilemma game. Nature, 364(6432): 56--58. Nowak, M. A. & May, R. M. (1992). Evolutionary games and spatial chaos. Nature, 359(6398): 826--829. Nowak, M. A., May, R. M., & Sigmund, K. (June 1995). The arithmetics of mutual help. Sci. Am., 272(6): 76--81. Omohundro, S. (1984). Modelling cellular automata with partial differential equations. Physica D, 10D(1--2): 128--134. Ore, O. (1988). Number theory and its history. New York: Dover. O'Rourke, J. (1994). Computational geometry in C. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ott, E., Grebogi, C., & Yorke, J. A. (1990a). Controlling chaos. Phys. Rev. Lett., 64(11): 1196--1199. Ott, E., Grebogi, C., & Yorke, J. A. (1990b). Controlling chaotic dynamical systems. In D. K. Campbell (Ed.), Chaos---Soviet-American perspectives on nonlinear science (pp. 153--172). New York: AIP. Ott, E., Sauer, T., & Yorke, J. A. (1994). Coping with chaos. New York: Wiley. Papert, S. (1980). Mindstorms: Children, computers, and powerful ideas. New York: Basic Books. Peitgen, H.-O., Jürgens, H., & Saupe, D. (1992). Chaos and fractals. New York: Springer-Verlag. Penrose, R. (1989). The emperor's new mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pickover, C. A. (1991). Computers, pattern, chaos and beauty: Graphics from an unseen world. New York: St. Martin's Press. Poincaré, H. (1890). Sur les équations de la dynamique et le problème de trois corps. Acta Math., 13: 1--270. Poincaré, H. (1952). Science and hypothesis. New York: Dover. Poundstone, W. (1985). The recursive universe. New York: William Morrow. Poundstone, W. (1992). Prisoner's Dilemma. New York: Doubleday. Press, W. H., Flannery, B. P., Teukolsky, S. A., & Vetterling, W. T. (1986). Numerical recipes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Prusinkiewicz, P., Lindenmayer, A., Hanan, J. S., et al. (1990). The algorithmic beauty of plants. New York: Springer-Verlag. Rand, D. A. (1994). Measuring and characterizing spatial patterns, dynamics and chaos in spatially extended dynamical systems and cologies. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. A, 348(1688): 497--514. Rand, D. A. & Wilson, H. (1995). Using spatio-temporal chaos and intermediate-scale determinism to quantify spatially-extended ecosystems. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 259(1355): 111--117. Rapoport, A. & Chammah, A. M. (1965). Prisoner's Dilemma. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Rechenberg, I. (1973). Evolution strategy: Optimization of technical systems by means of biological evolution. Stuttgart: Fromman-Holzboog. Resnick, M. (1988). LEGO, logo, and life. In C. Langton (Ed.), Artificial life (pp. 397--406). Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Resnick, M. (1994). Turtles, termites, and traffic jams: Explorations in massively parallel microworlds. Cambridge, Mass.: Bradford Books/MIT Press. Reynolds, C. W. (1987). Flocks, herds, and schools: A distributed behavioral model. Comp. Graph., 21(4): 25--34. Ribenboim, P. (1991). The little book of big primes. New York: Springer-Verlag. Richardson, L. F. (1961). The problem of contiguity: An appendix of statistics of deadly quarrels. General Systems Yearbook, 6: 139--187. Ridley, M. (1995). The red queen: Sex and the evolution of human nature. New York: Macmillan. Rosenblatt, F. (1962). Principles of neurodynamics: Perceptrons and the theory of brain mechanisms. Washington, D.C.: Spartan Books. Rucker, R. (1995). Infinity and the mind: The science and philosophy of the infinite. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Ruelle, D. (1980). Strange attractors. Math. Intell., 2(3): 126--137. Ruelle, D. (1993). Chance and chaos. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Ruelle, D. & Takens, F. (1971). On the nature of turbulence. Comm. Math. Phys., 20(3): 167--192. Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E., & Williams, R. J. (1986). Parallel distributive processing. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Sarle, W. S. & Net Poohbahs (1994). Kangaroos and training neural networks. FAQ list available from ftp://ftp.sas.com/pub/neural/kangaroos. Schrödinger, E. (1944). What is life? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schroeder, M. (1991). Fractals, chaos, power laws. New York: W. H. Freeman. Schwefel, H.-P. (1977). Numerische optimierung von computer-modellen mittels der evolutionsstrategie. Basel: Birkhäuser. Shaw, E. (1962). The schooling of fishes. Sci. Am., 206: 128--138. Shinbrot, T., Ditto, W., Grebogi, C., Ott, E., Spano, M., & Yorke, J. A. (1992). Using the sensitive dependence of chaos (the ``butterfly effect'') to direct trajectories in an experimental chaotic system. Phys. Rev. Lett., 68(19): 2863--2866. Siegelmann, H. T. & Sontag, E. D. (1991). Turing computability with neural networks. Appl. Math. Let., 4(6): 77--80. Solomonoff, R. J. (1964a). A formal theory of inductive inference: Part I. Info. and Control, 7(1): 1--22. Solomonoff, R. J. (1964b). A formal theory of inductive inference: Part II. Information and Control, 7(1): 224--254. Stanley, H. E. & Ostrowsky, N. (Eds.). (1985). On growth and form: Fractal and non fractal patterns in physics. Kluwer Academic. Sterman, J. D. (1984). Instructions for running the beer distribution game. Technical Report D-3679, System Dynamics Group, MIT, Cambridge, Mass. Sterman, J. D. (1988). Modeling managerial behavior: Misperceptions of feedback in a dynamic decision making experiemnt. Management Sci., 35(3): 321--339. Stewart, I. (1990). Does God play dice?: The mathematics of chaos. Oxford: Blackwell. Stewart, I. (July 1994). Mathematical Recreations: The ultimate anty-particles. Sci. Am., 271(1): 104--107. Stewart, I. (1995). Nature's numbers: The unreal reality of mathematical imagination. New York: Basic Books. Stewart, I. (1996). From here to infinity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stinson, D. R. (1995). Cryptography: Theory and practice. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Strang, G. (1980). Linear algebra and its applications. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Strogatz, S. (1994). Nonlinear dynamics and chaos. New York: Addison Wesley. Tagliarini, G. A. & Page, E. W. (1987). Solving constraint satisfaction problems with neural networks. In Proceedings of the first international conference on neural networks, San Diego. Takens, F. (1980). Detecting strange attractors in turbulence. In D. A. Rand & L. S. Young (Eds.), Dynamical systems and turbulence (pp. 366--381). New York: Spinger-Verlag. Tank, D. W. & Hopfield, J. J. (December 1987). Collective computation in neuronlike circuits. Sci. Am., 257(6): 104--114. Toffoli, T. (1977). Computation and construction universality of reversible cellular automata. J. Comp. Sys. Sci., 15(2): 213--231. Toffoli, T. (1984). Cellular automata as an alternative to (rather than an approximation of) differential equations in modeling physics. Physica D, 10(1--2): 117--127. Toffoli, T. & Margolus, N. (1987). Cellular automata machines. London: MIT Press. Tomita, K. & Tsuda, I. (1979). Chaos in Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction in a flow system. Phys. Lett. A, 71(5--6): 489. Tu, P. N. V. (1992). Dynamical systems: An introduction with applications in economics and biology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Turing, A. M. (1936). On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proc. London Math. Soc., 2(42): 230--265. Turing, A. M. (1950). Can a machine think? Mind, 59(236): 433--460. Turing, A. M. (1952). The chemical basis of morphogenesis. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, B(237): 37--72. Turing, A. M. (1963). Computing machinery and intelligence. In E. A. Feigenbaum (Ed.), Computers and Thought. New York: McGraw-Hill. Ulam, S. M. (1962). On some mathematical problems connected with patterns of growth of figures. Proc. Symposia Appl. Math., 14: 215--224. Ulam, S. M. & von Neumann, J. (1947). On combinations of stochastic and deterministic processes. Bull. Am. Math. Soc., 53: 1120. Vanecek, A. & Celikovsky, S. (1996). Control systems: From linear analysis to synthesis of chaos. New York: Prentice-Hall. von Neumann, J. (1958). The computer and the brain. New Haven: Yale University Press. von Neumann, J. (1966). Theory of self-reproducing automata. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. von Neumann, J. & Morgenstern, O. (1944). Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Waldrop, M. M. (1992). Complexity: The emerging science at the edge of order and chaos. New York: Simon & Schuster. Wang, H. (1987). Reflections on Kurt Gödel. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Wassermann, G. D. (1997). From Occam's Razor to the roots of consciousness: 20 essays on philosophy, philosophy of science and philosophy of mind. Avebury. Watson, J. D. (1991). The double helix: A personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA. New York: New American Library. Weinberg, R. (1970). Computer simulation of a primitive, evolving eco-system. Technical Report 03296-6-T, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Werbos, P. (1974). Beyond Regression: New Tools for Prediction and Analysis in the Behavioral Sciences. PhD thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Wesson, R. (1991). Beyond natural selection. Cambridge, Mass.: Bradford Books/MIT Press. Whitehead, A. N. & Russell, B. (1910). Principia mathematica. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Whitehead, S. D. & Lin, L.-J. (1995). Reinforcement learning of a non-Markov decision process. Art. Intell., 73(1--2): 271--306. Wickler, W. (1968). Mimicry in plants and animals. New York: World University Library. Wiener, N. (1948). Cybernetics, or control and communication in the animal and the machine. New York: John Wiley. Wills, C. (1989). The wisdom of the genes. New York: Basic Books. Wilson, E. O. (1971). The insect societies. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Wilson, S. W. (1994). ZCS: A zeroth level classifier system. Evol. Comp., 2(1): 1--18. Wolfram, S. (1983). Statistical mechanics of cellular automata. Rev. Mod. Phys., 55(3): 601--644. Wolfram, S. (1984a). Cellular automata as models of complexity. Nature, 311(4): 419--424. Wolfram, S. (1984b). Computation theory of cellular automata. Comm. Math. Phys., 96(1): 15--57. Wolfram, S. (1984c). Universality and complexity in cellular automata. Physica D, 10(1--2): 1--35. Wolfram, S. (Ed.). (1986). Theory and applications of cellular automata. Singapore: World Scientific. Wolfram, S. (1994). Cellular automata and complexity. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Wolpert, D. H. & Macready, W. G. (1995). No free lunch theorems for search. Technical Report SFI-TR-95-02-010, The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, N.M.

Copyright © Gary William Flake, 1998-2002. All Rights Reserved. Last modified: 30 Nov 2002